Basics of photography course
Callum Bruce and I will be running a short ‘basics of photography’ course for geology staff and students this Friday (Feb 3) at 10:40am, meet in the Graphics Lab.
If you are interested you must contact me first so I can firm up the numbers. If you are interested but cannot make this time please tell me anyway, it is possible that we will run it again soon.
Content
Come along if you want to learn about:
- Cameras
- sensors
- file formats
- lenses
- How to use your camera (dslr or point and shoot)
- Principles of photography
- focal length
- shutter speed
- aperture size
- ISO
- units
- Using the new macro-photography setup
What to bring?
We will be doing practical exercises so please BRING YOUR CAMERA (dslr or point and shoot).
Margins for printing
Document types and margins
Typically for text documents such as articles, or reports there will be more than 3mm of white margins all around the documents so there is little need for us to concern ourselves with printer margins. It is only when we create posters, fliers and booklets that we need to consider printing margins.
Image showing margins for posters vs word documents. On the left is a ms-word doc with plenty of margin. On the right is a poster with no margin. Printing the poster on the right without scaling first will cause 3mm of clipping of the image all around. The text will be too close to the edges and there may be problems with the image in the top left
Margins and professional printing
If we are going to a professional printer then we can create documents that go right up to the edges and they will be able to print these. Sometimes bleed will need to be added (where extra colour is printed around the edges of a document) that is later trimmed off by the printer. The use of bleed ensures that the colour goes right to the edges of printed documents.
Margins for consumer printers that use sheets
Most consumer printers will not print right up to the edges of paper and commonly require around 3mm of margins all around the document. This doesn’t mean that it is necessary to leave 3mm of edges white, if the document has colour right up to the edges then the last 3mm of colour will simply not be printed.
It should be noted that we do not want text to be right up against the margin even if it is not cut-off. We usually want at least a cm between the text and the edge of a page.
Ideally we could have considered the margins before we started making the document. If we have not there are a couple of options available to us.
- We could modify the document so that there is at least 3mm of margin (or content that will not be printed)
- We can simply scale the document when we print it
If we are using option 1 above then the exact approach will depend on the software used to edit the document. If we are using option 2 then the approach will depend on the software used to print the images.
Printing and scaling
Printing can be kind of confusing because of the variation and duplication of options between the software used to print, the printer drivers and potentially the printer itself.
Menu for setting page scaling in adobe acrobat
There is usually an option in the software used to print that allows you to scale the page to fit the printable area (paper – printer margins). If you are printing to A4 and your printer needs 3mm of margin then the printable area will be 297mm-3mm= 294mm by 210-3mm=207mm, which equates to scaling by 97%.
Margins for large format printing on the geology plotter
For a breakdown on printing on the geology plotter (large format printer for posters maps etc.) please look at this poster: printing_on_the_plotter
TIP: A good trick with printing is to print a document to a pdf first to check if there are any issues with printing. Be aware that saving to a pdf in word reduces qualtiy of graphics, it is best to print to a pdf. Most professional printers prefer printing from pdf format (including otago uniprint) for text documents (e.g. theses).
Pixel count, pixel density, document size, dots per inch, optical resolution
There are a lot of articles out there on the web that discuss these topics. Although understanding these concepts is inherently a little tricky, the biggest problem is the lack of consistent and unambiguous naming. In this post I will describe what these things are as unambiguously as possible. I find that sometimes its easiest to describe what you mean rather than using these names.
Definitions
Pixel count (aka pixel dimensions, resolution)
The number of pixels in an image may be reported as
- a width * height e.g. 1024*768pixels
- a total number of pixels e.g. for cameras: 2450*3700 = 9065000 Pixels = ~9 Megapixels
Pixel density (aka: digital resolution, resolution)
Often incorrectly referred to as dots per inch (see description for DPI below)
A measure of the density of the pixels in physical space. For example how many pixels in one linear inch (PPI).
This may be reported for screens; for example a 1920*1080 monitor that is 26.7inches across will have a pixel density (resolution) of 1920/26.7 = 72ppi. Note that most monitors with this pixel count are smaller (maybe 23inches) and thus have a pixel density (resolution) higher than 72ppi.
Raster images (e.g. photos) also have a value stored for pixel density (resolution). By default most cameras will set this value to 72ppi.
If you are scanning something than you may choose a resolution for scanning such as 300ppi for documents and 1000ppi for slides. In this case it is most likely that the value stored in the file will be this value.
Document size (aka: image size, presented size)
Not to be confused with image file size (aka: image size) which is the size of the image file i.e. 2.5MB.
Document size is the physical dimensions that an image has (perhaps measured in cm or mm). This is easier to get your head around for printed material where we can just get out a ruler to measure the image size.
For raster images (e.g. photos) on a computer the document size is actually just whatever is calculated using the pixel count and the pixel density.
pixel density = pixel count (in one direction)/ image size (in one direction)
For example if an image is 2400pixels across and has a pixel density of 300ppi than the document size will be 2400/300 = 8 inches = 203.2mm, that’s slightly less than the width of an A4 page.
Dots per inch (aka: printed resolution, dot density)
Printers have limited colours (usually just cyan, magenta, yellow and black). In order to create all the colours and tones for a photo these colours are printed in variable amounts as a dot pattern. If you look closely at a printed page or use a magnifying glass you can see this dot pattern.
The higher the number of dots per inch there is in a printed image the greater the level of detail typically. More dots are required than the pixel count to get the same detail as an image on a screen. Printers will typically print at 300dpi, 720dpi or higher.
Dots per inch is commonly used interchangeably with pixels per inch. This is wrong. Pixels per inch is the correct term for pixel density on a computer and dots per inch is the correct term for printed images.
An image with pixels, shown on left compared to the same image with dots shown on the right
Optical resolution
Optical resolution is a measure of the ability to resolve detail in an image. A simple way to measure this is to imagine the smallest and closest possible objects that can be resolved as two distinct objects.
This is perhaps the least considered aspect of images and image capture (e.g. photography, scanning) and one of the most important. Optical resolution, is perhaps the only true resolution.
While the pixel count sets an upper limit for optical resolution it is generally the optics of the image capture system and in the case of photography the quality of the camera and skill of the photographer that determine the optical resolution.
To understand how pixel count is different to optical resolution let us consider two examples:
- If an image is out of focus then it will have a lower optical resolution than an image in focus that is captured using the same pixel density.
- A slide scanner can capture at 1200ppi, 2400ppi or 4800ppi, however due to the optical resolution limit of the scanner there may be no difference in optical resolution at 4800ppi vs 2400ppi. At 1200ppi the optical resolution of the image captured is lower than at 2400ppi because the pixel density is now the determining factor. See image below.
Thin sections scanned at 1200ppi (left), 2400ppi (middle) and 4800ppi(right)
Datums and Projections
A basic understanding of datums and projections and how they are used is essential for anyone conducting research with a mapping/spatial component to it.
A reasonably good summary of geodetic datums and projections is written here (read this summary first) : http://www.linz.govt.nz/geodetic/find-out/understanding-datums/index.aspx
Some Key points about datums and projections
In general
- The most important thing to know is what datum + projection the data are in
- When someone gives you data ask about what datum + projection the data are in.
- Check what the GPS is set to!
- People may tell you “The data are in Lat long” this is not a datum, it is a way of expressing the positions in a datum! Latititude and longitude could be given for any datum! (it is most likely that data will be wgs84 datum).
NZ data specifically
- If you are entering location data into a spreadsheet put the datum or projection in the header (e.g. |Easting_NZTM| Northing_NZTM| )
- When reporting eastings and northings report eastings first (like other x,y coordinates). For latitude and longitude, latitude is often reported first (not sure why this is).
- There is ~200m difference between nzgd1949 and nzgd2000 datums
- For NZMG and NZTM the easting is always the smaller of the two (unless you are using it outside of onshore nz- which you shouldn’t).
- NZTM and NZMG Eastings/ northings are of the order of a million metres. So if you see one that that is “123456” or “12345678”, they are wrong (probably mistyped).
- NZMG eastings begin with 2 e.g. 2345346 and NZTM eastings usually begin with 1 (e.g. 1345657). There is no overlap in the coordinates for onshore New Zealand (see map below). This is by design.
Comparison between projections used in New Zealand
For more info go to: http://www.linz.govt.nz/geodetic/datums-projections-heights
Scanning instructions and Learn to scan
Scanning instructions
I have put a poster in the Graphics Lab above the scanners. This posters provides very basic instructions for common scanning tasks.
The poster with scanning instructions that I have put in the Graphics Lab
Learn to Scan
I have also prepared a quick scanning training exercise for people who want to use scanners. It is designed to be used with the scanning poster. I recommend that anyone who wants to use scanning equipment should go through this training exercise. Come see me to collect the training exercise.
Any feedback on the poster or training exercise is very welcome.
