This achievement standard involves knowledge and understanding of phenomena, concepts, principles and/or relationships related to atoms, photons and nuclei, and the use of appropriate methods to solve related problems.

• The Bohr model of the hydrogen atom
• the photon; the quantisation of energy
• discrete atomic energy levels; electron transition between energy levels; ionisation; atomic line spectra (infrared, visible and ultraviolet)
• the photoelectric effect; the electron volt
• description of the particle/wave duality of light
• nuclear binding energy and mass deficit; conservation of mass-energy for nuclear reactions.