1. New Zealand Medical Journal- published 5th August 2022.
Whitehead, J., Davie, G., de Graaf, B., Crengle, S., Fearnley, D., Smith, M., Lawrenson, R., & Nixon, G. Defining rural in Aotearoa New Zealand: A novel geographic classification for health purposes. New Zealand Medical Journal. 2022, Aug 5; 135(1559) ISSN 1175-8716 www.nzma.org.nz/journal ©PMA
This publication describes the GCH including its development and validation.
2. Mortality outcomes and inequities experienced by
rural Maori in Aotearoa New Zealand. The Lancet Regional Health- Western Pacific. ( open access )
Crengle, S., Davie, G., Whitehead, J., de Graaf, B., Lawrenson, R., & Nixon, G. (2022). Mortality outcomes and inequities experienced by rural Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand. The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific, 28.00570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100570
Mortality outcomes and inequities
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666606522001857
This paper uses contemporary mortality data to examine Māori and non-Māori mortality rates in rural and urban areas.
3. Policy Brief : The Geographic Classification for Health: A fit-for-purpose rurality classification.
Policy Brief The Geographic Classification for Health – A fit-for-purpose rurality classification
Overview of the GCH research and recommendations for utilization in health research and policy.
4. Australian Journal of Rural Health
Nixon G, Whitehead J, Davie G, Fearnley D, Crengle S, de Graaf B, Smith M, Wakerman, J & Lawrenson R. Developing the geographic classification for health, a rural-urban classification for New Zealand health research and policy: A research protocol. Australian Journal Rural Health. 2021;00:1-8. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajr.12778
Developing the geographic classification for health
The publication presents the rationale for developing the GCH and protocol used in its development.
5. Technical Report
Suggested Citation
Whitehead, J., Davie,G., de Graaf, B., Crengle, S., Smith, M., Fearnley, D., Farrell, N., & Nixon, G. (2021). The Geographic Classification for Health, Methodology and classification report, May 2021. https://blogs.otago.ac.nz/rural-urbannz/files/2021/07/The-Geographic-Classification-for-Health-Methodology-and-Classification-Report-May-2021.pdf
This technical report describes in detail the GCH and the methodology underpinning it.
Articles of interest
“‘Poorly defined’: unknown unknowns in New Zealand Rural Health.”
Fearnley, D., Lawrenson, R. Nixon, G. (2016). “‘Poorly defined’: unknown unknowns in New Zealand Rural Health.” New Zealand Medical Journal. 2016;129(1439)
Poorly defined- unkown unkowns in NZ rural health
This paper describes the problems with the traditional methods of defining ‘rural’ and ‘urban’ in NZ health policy and literature.

Sunset in the Hokianga